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Mechanism įusion reactions occur when two or more atomic nuclei come close enough for long enough that the nuclear force pulling them together exceeds the electrostatic force pushing them apart, fusing them into heavier nuclei. Nuclei to the left are likely to release energy when they fuse ( fusion) those to the far right are likely to be unstable and release energy when they split ( fission). Iron-56 has the highest, making it the most stable. 1.4 Triple product: density, temperature, timeīinding energy for different atomic nuclei.Among these alternatives, there is increasing interest in magnetized target fusion and inertial electrostatic confinement, and new variations of the stellarator. Researchers are also studying other designs that may offer cheaper approaches. Both designs are under research at very large scales, most notably the ITER tokamak in France, and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser in the United States. The current leading designs are the tokamak and inertial confinement (ICF) by laser. The early emphasis was on three main systems: z-pinch, stellarator, and magnetic mirror. A second issue that affects common reactions is managing neutrons that are released during the reaction, which over time degrade many common materials used within the reaction chamber.įusion researchers have investigated various confinement concepts. Research into fusion reactors began in the 1940s, but to date, no design has produced more fusion power output than the electrical power input. However, the necessary combination of temperature, pressure, and duration has proven to be difficult to produce in a practical and economical manner. These include reduced radioactivity in operation and little high-level nuclear waste, ample fuel supplies, and increased safety. Most designs aim to heat their fuel to around 100 million degrees, which presents a major challenge in producing a successful design.Īs a source of power, nuclear fusion is expected to have many advantages over fission. Proposed fusion reactors generally use heavy hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium (and especially a mixture of the two), which react more easily than protium (the most common hydrogen isotope) to allow them to reach the Lawson criterion requirements with less extreme conditions. In stars, the most common fuel is hydrogen, and gravity provides extremely long confinement times that reach the conditions needed for fusion energy production. The combination of these figures that results in a power-producing system is known as the Lawson criterion. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors.įusion processes require fuel and a confined environment with sufficient temperature, pressure, and confinement time to create a plasma in which fusion can occur. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. The Joint European Torus (JET) magnetic fusion experiment in 1991įusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions.